Deg Four
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GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
The greenhouse effect may be the most important natural phenomena and may lead to changes major in our lifestyles in our lives. Today, whenever there is a natural disaster, global warming seems to be on the order day. Not so long ago that scientists were dismissive of the greenhouse effect and there are still some who do not believe that there just as there are still people out there who think the world is still flat and the Holocaust never existed. So what is the greenhouse effect?
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is the result of greenhouse gases that have different been trapped in the Earth's stratosphere, which is at the head of the climate change of the word.
• Under the influence rays of the sun, the earth's temperature varies from 0 to about -50 ° C with an average day and night, winter and summer, about 15 o C
• The warming is by the sun, including even shorter, ultraviolet (UV) and the longest in the infrared (IR) give you that warm feeling when you walk in the sun, a bit like an electric heater heats when you turn it on and get close to him.
• Some of the incoming rays are reflected by the clouds in the sky and the other by sea and land, especially the deserts and snow.
• All those reflected rays back into space, on the contrary, the atmosphere re-radiates much IR radiation towards the earth making it warmer yet. This ability of the atmosphere to re-emit heat rays which creates the greenhouse effect.
• Water vapor, Carbon dioxide and certain other trace gases, absorb some of this radiation and prevent it from being sent into space. This cover "effect" keeps the Earth warm. History of the Greenhouse This is not a new phenomenon or concept. The term "greenhouse gas emissions "was used in the nineteenth century by Irish scientist John Tyndall born in an article he wrote in London Philosophical Magazine in 1863. It was not until the 1960s that Professor Bert Bolin of Stockholm University worked on the phenomenon. When he talked with their scientific colleagues have said "It is science fiction. We do not think so. "But by the mid-1970s things began to change rapidly as scientists began to accept that he was right.
How do we know the effect emissions exist? What is the evidence?
- 1. The scientists analyzed climate on planets such as Venus and the Moon. Venus which is covered by a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Its surface temperature is about 500 deg C. While the moon, which has no atmosphere has an average temperature of about -18 ° C. The atmosphere keeps the surface of our earth, with an average of 15 ° C, about 33 deg C warmer and therefore Living.
- Evidence from ice cores over the past 160,000 years carbon dioxide and methane concentrations trapped in ice cores varied with the global temperature. Scientists have been able to drill ice cores from the Arctic and Antarctic, and to measure levels carbon dioxide and methane.
- Increased surface temperature of about 0.5 ° C over 100 years that studies dioxide to increase carbon levels conducted by scientists have concluded that the earth's temperature has remained relatively constant until the beginning of the revolution Industrial. Indeed, it has not changed much until the early twentieth century.
- From 1880 to 1940, there was a warming only one quarter of a degree. Most were lost between 1940 and 1970.
- From 1950-1980, the average surface temperature is 15 deg C.
- Between 1970 and 1980, the average temperature has increased by three tenths of a degree C.
- 1987 and 1988 were the warmest years and since then, temperatures have increased. In 2009, Victoria, Australia, has experienced both the warmest day on the C-46 °, and one day (February 6th) leading to the worst natural disaster in Australia where more than 170 people have died as a result of bushfires.
4. The Sea levels are rising and small glaciers are melting.
- Scientists using satellite imaging technology and were able to monitor the melting polar ice caps and glaciers.
What are the results of the greenhouse effect?
Using modeling sophisticated computer scientists have been able to predict what the climate of the planet will be such that when levels of carbon dioxide have doubled.
- Increased global temperature, it is estimated that there will be an increase in global average temperature between 1.5 and 4.5 C °. • In 2030, an increase of 2 degrees by 2100 an increase of 6 ° C. Warming will be greater at higher latitudes and winter. This will lead to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers is already evident in places like Greenland, the Arctic and Antarctic.
- Changes in the global climate of the greenhouse effect causing changes in the world in time and climate. Some places may get more Rain and storms in other places may receive less. Not all changes to be bad. However, almost everywhere in the world will change in weather, This will have a great impact on our lives
- Rising sea level is estimated that by the year 2030 the average sea level rise of about 20 centimeters. This is mainly due to the melting of the polar cap, but also the global warming heat the upper layers of the oceans, which expand when heated. For the low-lying Pacific nations such as Tuvalu and Kiribati, and in the Indian Ocean as the Maldives and other country like Holland can completely disappear.
- Other impacts could be other effects of the disappearance of certain species of animals and plants such as coastal marine environments and coral reefs. Some plants would not be able to survive temperature increases. It takes thousands years for forests to move north or south from colder climates. According to Joel B. Smith, co-author of a report by the EPA indicates that "such a warming over a century, the forests should be transferred five times faster than the lowest rate recorded by paleontologists from the end the last ice age.
What are the greenhouse gas emissions primary?
They are a number organic compounds that have more than two links (or 3 atoms). The seven greenhouse gas emissions are important:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Ozone (O3)
- Methane (CH4)
- CFC (freon F11 and F12)
- Water vapor (H2O)
- Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
- Ethane (CH3CH3)
Where do they come?
- Most greenhouse gas emissions resulting from combustion of fossil fuels. Any emissions from power plants, motor vehicles, refrigerators, and plant
- However, CO2 is also the result of deforestation, which releases carbon locked in the soil when the trees are felled.
- CH4 is released from agriculture, such as sheep, cattle and fertilizer and places such as counseling, treatment plants, sewage and Mines.
Contributions of fossil fuels
Due to the nature of hydrogen to carbon, fossil fuels emit different different levels of CO2.
Carbon from fossil fuels to hydrogen to
Some coal. 1:01
Approximately oil. 1:02
About natural gas. 1:04
• Where the burning of coal produces twice the CO2 gas
CO2 The concentrations in the atmosphere (parts per million)
Pre industrial revolution 270 ppm
1988 345 ppm
Today> 355 ppm
- By measuring the gas bubbles trapped in polar ice, scientists have shown that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere before the industrial revolution was about 270 parts per million (ppm).
- A monitoring station established at the Special Summit of the mountain Mauna Loa in Hawaii in 1957 showed that levels of CO2 in the atmosphere to 315 ppm, an increase of 17%.
- In 1988, he past 345 ppm. An increase in 31 years another 11%. A total increased by about 30% since the beginning of the industrial revolution.
- WEATHER more expert than CO2 will reach a level of 500-700 ppm by the year 2050, doubling within 200 years.
Contribution percentage of greenhouse gas emissions to the greenhouse
CO2 55%
CFCs (F-11/F-12) * 17%
CH4 15%
NO 26%
Other 7%
* Please note that CFCs have been eliminated since the mid-nineties
To stablise concentration atmospheric gases present different levels of day, the following reductions are needed immediately:
CO2 60%
15-20% CH4
NO2 70-80%
CFC (F-11) * 70-75%
CFC (F-12) * 75-85%
Remaining scientific uncertainty
No argument that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases trap heat will result in an increase in average temperatures worldwide.
However, it is an argument on the measure in some cases, various positive and negative.
1. The uncertainty of the effects of cumulus clouds negative Cooling reflect incoming sunlight at high altitude clouds have positive impact in retaining the infrared radiation of the earth
- This uncertainty explains variation in temperature of 1.5 ° C to 4.5 ° C.
2. The burning of fossil fuels such as coal dioxide (SO2) has a cooling effect.
3. Changes in production are responsible for the sun rising temperatures.
4. Sea levels naturally increase due to thermal expansion of ocean waters and surface melting of glaciers.
- An increase in temperature will increased precipitation, thereby increasing the thickness of the ice caps, which reduces the level of the sea
5. Regional Natural climate change, as deforestation and bush fires, as opposed to global change.
Policies to reduce emissions Greenhouse problems
- Different countries emit very different levels of CO2 per capita
- Countries very different income per capita
- Very difficult to work on the warming potential of each greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalent.
- Emissions of greenhouse gases from different countries are not known with certainty
Policies
1. Each country may reduce by the same percentage
- existing emission levels are uneven per capita are taken as standard
- Poor countries want to increase the use of fossil fuels
2. Each country receives the same emission allowances country per capita basis.These sell allowances to rich countries.
3. Rich countries could reduce emissions by 20% without reductions required by poor countries.
• All rich countries have high emissions of CO2, and not all poor countries are low emitters because of deforestation.
4. Suppose that Australia, which is high income and high per capita Greenhouse Gas issuer is required to reduce emissions by 20%.
• How should it be reduced? By: a) each State? b) each section of the industry?
Some methods of reducing CO2 emissions have a negative impact on our lives;
• Better management of natural resources;
• Reduction of waste in manufacturing;
• Find the end of other uses for waste (recycling and reuse);
• The purchase of less junks and property that we do not need (In Australia, worth an estimated EUR 10 billion per year);
• the purchase of quality products that have not need replacing as often;
• Recycling more (for example, it takes about 8 times more energy to turn bauxite into aluminum for it does recycle)
• Reducing the use of motor vehicles;
• Increased use of public transport;
• more efficient lighting, heating and cooling;
• Better insulation;
• Less dependence Electricity and electrical goods and machinery;
• More efficient electrical appliances;
• more cars effective;
• Alternative technologies from natural sources such as wind, thermal and tidal energy;
• Conversion landfills and sewage treatment plants in methane;
• Bio-fuels such as bio-diesel, methanol and ethanol produced from organic waste sources
• Reduce the large-scale deforestation and land clearing;
• Increase planting trees;
• a more efficient agriculture, including zero tillage and conservation farming methods;
• Agriculture biological.
About the Author
Tobi Nagy specialises in sustainable development and building competitive advantage into businesses. He is CEO of Think-Grow-Sustain, a “Cleantech” venture acceleration and commercialisation organisation which helps nurture and grow businesses, through planning, modelling, structuring, sales and marketing and governance frameworks, so that they become investment ready.
Dir en grey – Blitz 5Days Backstage (day four)